Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Practice Test

What type of volcanic structure is often associated with a gentle slope?

1. Caldera

2. Cinder cone

3. Composite volcano

4. Shield volcano

The correct answer is: Shield volcano

The type of volcanic structure characterized by gentle slopes is the shield volcano. This formation is typically a result of fluid basaltic lava that can travel over long distances before solidifying. The low viscosity of this type of lava allows it to flow easily, creating broad, wide, and gently sloping hills or mountains. Shield volcanoes, such as those found in Hawaii, often produce relatively non-explosive eruptions, contributing to their gentle profiles over time. The layers of lava that build up gradually form the shield shape, which differentiates them from other types of volcanoes. In contrast, calderas, cinder cones, and composite volcanoes display different traits. Calderas result from the collapse of land after a volcanic eruption and can be very large and steep. Cinder cones are built from volcanic debris ejected during explosive eruptions and tend to have steep sides. Composite volcanoes, also known as stratovolcanoes, are characterized by more explosive eruptions and steeper profiles due to the alternating layers of lava flow and ash. Each of these structures exhibits a distinct morphology influenced by the type of eruptions and lava composition, which is why they do not match the gentle slope characteristic of shield volcanoes.