Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Practice Test

What type of fault is characterized by the hanging wall sliding downward?

1. Reverse Fault

2. Normal Fault

3. Strike-Slip Fault

4. Thrust Fault

The correct answer is: Normal Fault

A normal fault is characterized by the hanging wall sliding downward relative to the footwall. This type of fault occurs in areas where tectonic forces are pulling the Earth's crust apart, leading to extension. In a normal fault, the tension in the crust allows the hanging wall block, which is situated above the fault plane, to move downward as the footwall block below remains stationary or moves slightly upward. This downward movement is a result of gravitational forces acting on the hanging wall block, combined with the extensional stress that causes the rocks to fracture and slide. Normal faults are commonly found in rift zones, where tectonic plates are diverging, creating valleys and basins. Recognizing the movement characteristic of a normal fault helps geologists understand the geological processes shaping the Earth's surface.