Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Practice Test

What is the estimated temperature range of the inner core?

1. 2,000-3,000 K

2. 3,000-4,500 K

3. 4,500-5,700 K

4. 5,700-6,500 K

The correct answer is: 3,000-4,500 K

The estimated temperature range of the inner core falls between 3,000 to 4,500 K for several reasons grounded in geology and seismology. The inner core is predominantly composed of iron and nickel, and due to the immense pressures exerted by the overlying layers of the Earth, particularly the outer core, these materials exist in a solid state despite the extremely high temperatures. To understand why this temperature range is accurate, we can consider the geothermal gradient and the behavior of materials under extreme conditions. The immense pressure at the center of the Earth significantly raises the melting point of iron, allowing it to remain solid at temperatures that would ordinarily result in melting at the surface. Additionally, the study of seismic waves provides clues about the state of materials within the Earth. As seismic waves travel through the Earth, their velocities can indicate the physical state and temperature of the materials they pass through. The data collected from these studies support the notion that the temperatures in the inner core are indeed within this range, reinforcing the understanding of the Earth's structure and composition. While higher ranges could be proposed, they typically surpass the geological and physical limits determined by current research and observations of the Earth's characteristics. The significant heat generated within the Earth also plays a crucial role in maintaining these