Science Olympiad Dynamic Planet Practice Test

What causes mountain formation in tectonic geology?

1. Volcanic activity

2. Plate divergence

3. Subduction of one plate beneath another

4. Weathering of existing mountains

The correct answer is: Subduction of one plate beneath another

Mountain formation in tectonic geology is often primarily attributed to the subduction of one tectonic plate beneath another. This process occurs at convergent plate boundaries, where plates move toward each other. As one plate subducts, or sinks, into the mantle beneath another plate, it generates significant geological forces. The intense pressure and friction lead to the folding and faulting of the Earth's crust, resulting in the uplift of mountain ranges. Additionally, subduction zones are associated with volcanic activity, as the subducted plate melts and causes magma to rise, often resulting in volcanic mountains. However, the formation of mountains due to subduction is a distinct process that emphasizes the structural and topographic changes in the Earth's crust rather than the volcanic activity itself. In contrast, volcanic activity alone can create mountains, but it does not account for the broad range of mountain ranges formed through tectonic processes. Plate divergence, where tectonic plates move away from each other, typically creates features such as mid-ocean ridges rather than traditional mountain ranges. Weathering refers to the breakdown and alteration of existing rocks and mountains, meaning it does not contribute to the initial formation of mountains.